Domestication

Increasingly scholars of international relations are rallying around the idea that "domestic politics matters." Few, however, have articulated precisely how or why it matters. In this significant book, Helen Milner lays out the first fully developed theory of domestic politics, showing exactly how domestic politics affects international outcomes. In developing this rational-choice theory, Milner argues that any explanation that treats states as unitary actors is ultimately misleading. She describes all states as polyarchic, where decision-making power is shared between two or more actors (such as a legislature and an executive). Milner constructs a new model based on two-level game theory, reflecting the political activity at both the domestic and international levels. She illustrates this model by taking up the critical question of cooperation among nations. Milner examines the central factors that influence the strategic game of domestic politics. She shows that it is the outcome of this internal game--not fears of other countries' relative gains or the likelihood of cheating--that ultimately shapes how the international game is played out and therefore the extent of cooperative endeavors. The interaction of the domestic actors' preferences, given their political institutions and levels of information, defines when international cooperation is possible and what its terms will be. Several test cases examine how this argument explains the phases of a cooperative attempt: the initiation, the negotiations at the international level, and the eventual domestic ratification. The book reaches the surprising conclusion that theorists--neo-Institutionalists and Realists alike--haveoverestimated the likelihood of cooperation among states.

In our increasingly interconnected world, U.S. trade policy stands at the intersection of foreign and domestic affairs. This book explains trade policy in terms of domestic politics, presenting a concise account of its origins and political significance. Although trade policy is a component of foreign policy, Philip A. Mundo explains how it is rooted in the domestic policy process and carries with it enormous implications for domestic affairs. He reviews the growing importance of trade policy since World War II -- particularly over the past twenty years -- and shows how recent policies like NAFTA are shaped by the domestic agenda. Mundo explains trade policy as the product of a three-stage process comprising agenda setting, program adoption, and implementation. He reviews this process in terms of the ideas that inform trade policy, the interests that seek to influence it, and the institutions that shape it. He also addresses the importance of specific measures, such as administrative relief and trade sanctions. This book distills the essence of the trade policy process into a concise, innovative framework accessible to students and general readers. With the growing importance of trade policy, it makes explicit many of the subtleties surrounding policymaking while fully explicating the legal and international context in which trade operates.

Domestication - Domestication is a natural phenomenon whereby a wild biological organism is habituated to survive in the company of human beings. Domesticated animals, plants, and other organisms are those whose collective behavior, life cycle, or physiology has been altered as a result of their breeding and living conditions being under human control for multiple generations.

Domestication theory - Domestication theory tries to describe the processes by which new technology is 'tamed' or appropriated by its users. First, technologies are integrated into everyday life and adapted to daily practices.

Domestication of the horse - There are a number of theories regarding the domestication of the horse. Although horses began appearing in cave art as early as 30,000 BC, these were truly wild horses and were probably hunted for meat; how and when they became domesticated is less clear.

Kañiwa - ... goosefoot, similar in character and uses to the closely related to quinoa. It has important beneficial characteristics including tolerance of high mountain conditions and the grain's high protein content and lack of the saponins which complicate quinoa use, but its domestication is not complete and non-uniformity of grain ripening is a limitation.

domestication

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